Psychological and Political Determinants of Political Participation among Muslim Women in India: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Muslim women in India face unique challenges in political participation due to their intersectional identity as both women and religious minorities. Despite constituting approximately 7% of India’s population, they remain severely underrepresented in political institutions and processes. Objective: This systematic review examines the psychological and political factors that influence political participation among Muslim women in India, synthesizing existing research to identify key barriers and facilitators. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of eight databases (PubMed, JSTOR, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SAGE, Taylor & Francis and Shodhganga) for peer-reviewed studies published between January 2010 and December 2024. Search terms included combinations of “Muslim women,” “political participation,” “India,” “electoral behavior,” “political efficacy,” and “intersectionality.” Results: From 847 initial records, 34 studies met inclusion criteria after systematic screening, encompassing 52,847 participants across 18 Indian states and union territories. The review identified six primary determinants: (1) Political efficacy deficits among Muslim women compared to other demographic groups; (2) Complex identity negotiations between religious, gender, and citizenship identities; (3) Critical role of family and social support systems; (4) Structural barriers including economic marginalization and educational disadvantages; (5) Systematic exclusion by political parties; and (6) Alternative participation through social movements and community organizing. Conclusions: Muslim women’s political participation is determined by intersecting psychological, social, and structural factors requiring multi-level interventions. Evidence suggests that targeted strategies addressing both individual-level barriers and systemic discrimination can enhance democratic inclusion.